Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. Essay Example

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. Essay In this essay I am going to discuss the theme of schooldays and education in general. I will do this in relation to my study of the pre 20th century texts Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. I will also show how much the system has changed. During the 18th and 19th century mainly upper and middle class parents sent their children to Pe-ping (private) schools. The poor who could not afford education, which cost one pence per week, sent their children to church schools. The classrooms were often bare except for an embroidered text; this text was religious and was meant to be uplifting. Many girls didnt attend school. They were taught at home about practical things such as sewing and cooking but others did, as in Jane Eyres case, she was sent to Lowood for punishment. Poorer children were only at school for 2-3 years before they had to work for a living. Only 20% of children actually went to school at all. The girl students at Lowood were aged from 9 to20 years of age. The older students often taught the younger ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At Lowood the pupils could socialise with the other pupils, but could not talk unless spoken to in class. However David could not as he was taught at home, he had no children to play with As to any recreation with other children my age, I had very little of that this was because Mr Murdstone believed that all children were bad influences towards David The Murdstones made all children out to be a swarm of little vipers and held that they contaminated one another. There are many differences between pre 20th century and today. From my study it seems that pupils were taught and almost ruled by fear. During classes at Lowood pupils were given several tasks and had to learn by heart. David also had to learn by heart but had difficulty remembering what he had learnt before I began to feel the words I have been in infinite pains to get into my head all sliding away this was because of the Murdstones The very sight of these two has such an influence over me this may be because of pressure and fear of what will happen to him if he couldnt remember what he had learnt. The conditions at Lowood were unacceptable by todays standards. The pupils marched all day from meals to prayers to classes to the sound of clanging bells and teachers voices giving orders. Mr Brockelhurst, who owned the school, didnt believe in coddling the poor. In his opinion the more the girls learned to put up with hardship, the more self-reliant they would be in later life. The building was in bad condition with cracks and crevices in the walls, wind, whistling through crevices of our bedroom window had made us shiver in our beds, and turned the contents of the ewers to ice and kept food to a minimum of porridge at breakfast which was only just edible, if not burnt. Whereas David had a better time learning as he was taught at home in the second best parlour, I come into the second best parlour but the atmosphere was intimidating with the Murdstones watching over David and his mother. Teacher pupil relationships happen all the time in todays schools with every pupil having a favourite teacher or one they can talk openly to. David did not really have someone like that unless you include his mother who was his teacher. Jane however did, Miss Temple. Miss Temple ran the school and tried to do what she could to make things better for the girls. For example after the porridge was burnt, she tried to make it up to them by ordering a special treat of bread and cheese. Also when she finds out the truth about Jane, she invites Jane and Burns to share her tea and buttered toast. She also brought out a cake of her own and shared it with them. This shows that Miss Temple felt sorry for both Jane and Burns, and disagreed with the way they were treated. The cane was used as corporal punishment around the country. This punishment was used on David who reacted strongly and emotionally. Through anger he bit the executor, Mr Murdstone who later sends a sign saying, careful he bites to the school that David attended. The same punishment was used in Jane and Burns case as they had signs of Rebellious and Vain hung from their necks and were made to walk in circles in the rain. This was because Burns had naturally curly hair; that was frowned upon in school and was considered to be vanity. At the same time Jane was punished for being rebellious because she offered for her hair to be cut instead of Burns. Both were punished in other instances, Jane when Mr Brockelhurst came to the school and singled out Jane, announcing to the school Mrs Reeds charge of her being a liar. He tells the other girls that they should not talk to her all day. Jane had to stand alone for half an hour in the middle of the hall on a stool. She felt humiliated at being singled out as a liar. Burns gets punished for having dirty nails (although she didnt explain that the ewers were frozen) and is sent to a room to fetch a bundle of twigs. She does this as if she is doing a drill. She gets the twigs and undoes her collar but shows no emotion as she is being struck, she does though when she is alone as Jane sees her putting away her handkerchief. I looked narrowly as she emerged from the book-closet she was just putting back her handkerchief into her pocket, and the trace of a tear glistened on her thin cheek. This was because she didnt want to give Miss Scatchard the satisfaction of seeing her cry. In conclusion I believe that the system has changed dramatically and to great effect, every child has the chance to go to school, with no discrimination whether they are female or a different race. There is no physical punishment in schools; the only punishment given out is detentions, which parents are notified before their child stays behind. The buildings are in great condition and the teachers are strict without being unfair to pupils. Parents have a say about the way their children are treated teachers can not take dramatic action at the spur of the moment, though teachers can stop a child from learning by sending the culprit out of the classrooms. Facilities have changed with technology, with nearly every school having ICT facilities. With lessons becoming fun by using computers, the internet, videos and other tools of education and recreation.

Free Essays on Dolly Sods

The Effects of Human Influence on the Dolly Sods Wilderness Area In William Howard Taft’s 1909 inaugural address he said that, â€Å"The putting into force of laws which shall secure the conservation of our resources, as far as they may be within the jurisdiction of the Federal government, including the more important work of saving and restoring our forests and the great improvement of waterways, are all proper government functions which must involve large expenditure if properly performed.† And in line with its proper functioning, Congress passed the Wilderness Act in 1965, which helped protect 9 million acres of land. But almost all of this land was in the West, due to the lack of unspoiled wildlands in the East. So in 1975, Congress passed the Eastern Wilderness Areas Act, which brought protection to several rehabilitated wildlands. One of which being the Dolly Sods wilderness area in West Virginia, an area decimated by human influence in the early 20th and late 19th centuries, which is now being rehabilitated. Before decade s of logging, railroads, mortars, grazing, and fire, the Dolly Sods Wilderness was a majestic and lush forest supporting some of the finest red spruce in the world. Today the area, which has been clear-cut then burned to rock, is slowly recovering under the protection of the U.S. Forest Service. In 1746 Thomas Lewis was the first European to explore the Dolly Sods while doing a survey of Lord Fairfax’s Virginia estate. He found the forest in its virgin state and described it as almost impenetrable. It was covered at that time mostly by red spruce, but hemlocks balsam fir, sugar maple, American beech, black cherry, basswood and yellow birch also abounded. In certain areas there were thick patches of loral and rhododendron thickets. There were also many wet, marshy bogs where bluejoint grass grew several feet high. The forest floor was covered with a rich humus soil several feet thick that in many... Free Essays on Dolly Sods Free Essays on Dolly Sods The Effects of Human Influence on the Dolly Sods Wilderness Area In William Howard Taft’s 1909 inaugural address he said that, â€Å"The putting into force of laws which shall secure the conservation of our resources, as far as they may be within the jurisdiction of the Federal government, including the more important work of saving and restoring our forests and the great improvement of waterways, are all proper government functions which must involve large expenditure if properly performed.† And in line with its proper functioning, Congress passed the Wilderness Act in 1965, which helped protect 9 million acres of land. But almost all of this land was in the West, due to the lack of unspoiled wildlands in the East. So in 1975, Congress passed the Eastern Wilderness Areas Act, which brought protection to several rehabilitated wildlands. One of which being the Dolly Sods wilderness area in West Virginia, an area decimated by human influence in the early 20th and late 19th centuries, which is now being rehabilitated. Before decade s of logging, railroads, mortars, grazing, and fire, the Dolly Sods Wilderness was a majestic and lush forest supporting some of the finest red spruce in the world. Today the area, which has been clear-cut then burned to rock, is slowly recovering under the protection of the U.S. Forest Service. In 1746 Thomas Lewis was the first European to explore the Dolly Sods while doing a survey of Lord Fairfax’s Virginia estate. He found the forest in its virgin state and described it as almost impenetrable. It was covered at that time mostly by red spruce, but hemlocks balsam fir, sugar maple, American beech, black cherry, basswood and yellow birch also abounded. In certain areas there were thick patches of loral and rhododendron thickets. There were also many wet, marshy bogs where bluejoint grass grew several feet high. The forest floor was covered with a rich humus soil several feet thick that in many...

Interpretive Paper on the Bayon Temple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Interpretive Paper on the Bayon Temple - Essay Example At the centre of the walled city is the Bayon Temple, representing the intersection of heaven and earth. The Bayon Temple is renowned for its immense stone faces of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara also known as Lokesvara; every stone face looks outwards and keeps watch over each cardinal direction. The calmly smiling image is believed to represent King Jayavarman himself (DumarCay et al, 2001) . Additionally, there are fifty-one smaller towers surrounding Bayon, each with four faces of its own. The long walls surrounding the Bayon Temple bear a unique collection of bas-relief scenes of legendary and historical events (DumarCay et al, 2001). Over 11,000 carved figures are wrought on the 1.2 km of wall, their paint now faded The Bayon Temple consisted of three plans, for the three levels of the monument. The fourth state of construction pertained to the building of passages linking the galleries at the first and second levels (DumarCay et al, 2001). The purpose of this paper is to inte rpret the architecture of the Bayon Temple of Angkor Thom in Cambodia. The relationship of its elements, shape, and design to the temple’s socio-cultural context will be examined. ... The central ‘mountain’ was a Buddhist sanctuary containing a large image of the Buddha Amitabha, while the four faces of Bodhisatva Lokesvara, ‘the Lord of the World’ embellished its numerous towers (Figs. 2 and 3) (Eisenstadt, 1971). There is a gate in the middle of each of the four sides marking the limits of the city, and a fifth gate on the East leads to the entrance of the royal palace. Similar to the central Bayon Temple, and the other towers within the walled city of Angkor, the towers above the gates are also crowned with the four-fold faces of Lokesvara. Thus, the smaller world of the city, and that of the whole Khmer empire were put under the protection of the ‘Lord of the Universe’ (Eisenstadt, 1971). The cosmic meaning of the city was further accentuated by the balustrades of the causeways leading over the moat to the city gates. They were made up of rows of giant stone figures representing gods and demons, holding a massive seven-he aded serpent (Figs.4, 5, and 6) (Eisenstadt, 1971). By these structural components and adornments, the entire city represented the â€Å"churning of the primeval milk ocean by gods and demons, when they used the serpent king as a rope and Mount Meru as churning stick† (Eisenstadt, 1971, p.171). Thus, the moat around the walled city of Angkor Thom symbolized the ocean, while the Bayon Temple at the centre of the city which formed the converging point for all the lines of churning gods and demons, represented Mount Meru itself. This is portrayed in Figs. 4, 5 and 6. According to DumarCay et al (2001), in the architectural history of ancient Cambodia, the Bapuon was the last temple mountain constructed in compliance with the cult of

HRM and leadership 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HRM and leadership 1 - Essay Example The company employees many workers, in 2012, it was estimated that he company had about 81,223 employees worldwide. The company’s revenue stands at ?9,934.3 billion, the operating income for the factory also stands at ?746.5 million with a profit of ?489.6 million (Kluwer 2006, p.52). Under the management, the company’s chairperson is Robert Swannell and the CEO is Marc Bolland, with over one thousand stores around the world. It will be appreciated the company has a daunting task to ensure that the employees are recruited in the best ways and that they select top of the list candidates, despite the diverse political, economic, and social factors. The company has endeavoured to ensure that maintain their niche in the market and that their customers remains happy with their services as well as the management of the company (Kluwer 2006, p.71). The human resource department in the company is therefore keen in ensuring that the policies of the company are met and that their esteem customers are also given the best of services. This is part of what has made the company to grow and became an international company with overwhelming customers all over the world. ... r to achieve this, the company should be creative and innovative o how they relate with the employees, they should establish a system that is open, flexible, and caring, this will enable the employees to feel that they are part of the management and they would tend to take responsibility, this is particularly important for the company. When the employees are contented with the work place, they tend to be more productive and the only way to ensure that they become productive is to ensure that their well-being is catered for in the workplace. Good HRM practices are essential in leading a department to achieve their objectives and for productivity enhancement. Marks and Spence is one of the international companies that have adopted several unique HRM practice in order to realize productivity through employee’s motivation. The practices that are offered by M&S are responsible for the company’s employee’s contention with their work place and are not always shopping fo r the next company for engagement. The company has organized a strong sense of HRM practices that unlike other companies that will be experiencing transit of employees, M&S do not experience such movement given the nature of the environment they have created for their employees. When employees are not contented with the working place because of poor HRM practices, it will be rare to find employees growing together with an organization as is the case with M&S. Below are some of the practice that have been employed M&S in order to come up with a highly motivated and productive team Work Environment One of the most important aspect for motivating employees that M&S has been working on since is the type of environment that there employees operates in. they realized that employees needs a safe and a happy

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

English - Essay Example Following the technological era, the same stories have been used to warn on the dangers of the technology. Technology has been glorified by many since it has been a means of solving some of the problems that could be difficult or even impossible to be done by mankind. Indeed, looking at the history of mankind from the industrial revolution and the Renaissance period, there is no doubt that technology has been very handy in the driving for the changes and success that is evident today. In this essay, however, I will argue that even though technology is a good thing, it has to be approached with caution, as it can break down our ways of life in a manner that may be irredeemable. Some of the literatures that will be used in the essay include; Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? By Philip Dick, this literature will be used as a main material. It shows how androids interact with human and through their analysis of the dangers of technology is done. Another important literature to the discussion is Neuromancer by William Gibson and finally The Crying of Lot49 by Penchon Thomas. This three literature will form the basis of the discussion while some other texts may also be used to justify the discussion. Technology is the use of the available materials and knowledge to adapt to the environment. This is done by using the materials and knowledge as instruments and processes that provide the humans with a superiority over the environment he lives in. Therefore, Technology can refer to nonfigurative structures present, which include language among others which is an effort to organize and put in systematics in the human reality and therefore become an instrument used to explore the environment through communication and therefore compete effectively. The aspect of completion indicates the presence of evolutionary framework, where all forms of life are in competition for

Development of Radio in African Countries

Development of Radio in African Countries Chris Cazalet Essay: The Development of radio in African countries, including South Africa Radio is the most important medium in Africa. Its Flexibility, low costs, and oral character meet Africa’s situation very well. It remains the top medium in terms of the number of people that it reaches (Mytton). Radio is the fundamental mass-medium in Africa as it holds the widest reach and the highest audience numbers compared to television (TV), newspapers and other information and communication technologies (ICTs). Over the last 20 years radio has experiences a regeneration, due to democratisation and more affordable technology, today radio has proved to be far more hands-on and a straightforward type of communication then it possibly was in older times. Adding to the development is the welcoming of new technologies that have become available – this has evolved radio into more of a two-way medium, assisting in the bridge of the digital divide by providing information tools for access to all audiences (Mytton). Radio as a source of news and entertainment is completely unrestricted by the internet. One of the main developmental content encounters on African Radio is the need to produce programmes on a tight budget. The dominant principles of African radio is live broadcast, rather than arranged programmes (Myers, 2008). Future technologic trends seem to be enhancing rather than replacing radio. It is unlikely that TV will challenge radio as it is developing at a lower process then expected. â€Å"At the level of international donor support, radio, which at one time was regarded at the ‘poor cousin’ of the newer ICTs, has been brought back into the ICT family, there is renewed interest at the policy level.† (Myers, 2008). There are four classes that radio stations can be divided into today, state-controlled public radio; privately owned commercial radio; community-controlled radio and international radio. Because a country’s media may be loosened does not mean that there are not huge stresses on press freedom and countless economic challenges met by broadcasters. Technology seems to be enhancing rather than replacing radio. Radio is uniquely matched to the African context, being an aural and portable medium in a continent that is primarily non-literate (Myers, 2008). The history of radio development emerged from three separate stages, beginning in 1924 when they first South African broadcasts took place. There was the colonial period, radio was the main medium which was brought in to serve the settlers and the welfares of the colonial powers. Later on the ruling classes introduced radio services presented by and for the indigenous people. The domestic broadcasting system of all European authorities such as the British independent public service model of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) or the French government radio stations were not government monopolies (Mytton). The earliest broadcasting that appeared on the continent was in in South Africa. In Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban, three organizations – an advertising group, a private dub, and a local authority; these organisations were granted licenses to broadcast. They all soon were taken over by an entrepreneur who, through difficulty, moved the stations toward commercial practicality. The government did not see this commercial practicality as a service they sought after – after inviting John Reith, the BBC’s first director-general, to come to South Africa in 1934 to help them develop a national public service form of broadcasting thus the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was created in 1936. SABC drifted from BBC’s working mannerisms soon after its establishment. It was never far from the political influence and control which grew during the years of apartheid. For a large period the SABC programmes were dictated by white audiences until 1943, it only broadcasted in English and Africans, leaving the African audiences ignored. In the 1960’s broadcasting for Africans extended when Radio Bantu was developed during apartheid to emphasise the apartheid ideology of the separation of the races (Mytton). After World War 2 broadcasting expanded in most of the African colonies and became one of the official British policies, radio services would be developed to educate and inform the African listeners. Torn Chalmers, a successful BBC radio producer who was involved in developing of the radio is Nigeria, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania, along with others tried to separate broadcasting from government. In spite of the establishment of public corporation in several British regions, stations were closely managed by their corresponding governments and had little independence (Mytton). The French developed a different policy, nearly all broadcasting in French regions were in the French language. Radio broadcasting to a large extent, originated in France through the Societe de Radio-diffusion de la France d’Outre-Mer (Society for Radio Transmission to French Overseas Territories – SORAFOM). It was not until the 1960’s the decade when African colonies were granted independence and allowed to establish national radio broadcasters (Mytton). In most countries the national and regional radio represent the voice of the government. The main difference between state radios and independent radios are that state radios reach nation-wide and independent radio stations are confined to urban areas. Independent radios also have almost all been FM stations where as state radio stations are of various stations (Mytton). Community Radio has becoming a growing importance to the accessability of information and a tool of empowerment for local communities across Africa, they face several challenges with regard to sustainability. There is no certainty to the long-term future of this sector – despite it its growth in numerous countries. (MCgregor, 2006) Independent radios stations can be catorgorised into five types. Fully commercial stations that seek to make a profit, religious radio stations – these stations are mostly supported by sponsors, the growth of commercial radio could change the weakness of many states that support the talented artist that have had to stop working because of inadequate payments – these artists find that they do better by marketing their own music at street venders. Community radion stations which could be seen as the fastest growing sector – these stations are often staffed by volunteer helpers, run at low cost and sponsored from the outside. By 2000 there were over 70 radio stations in South Africa and more then 100 in West Africa. Community radio stations contribute to the national edication and development which is of major importance – there are many developmental agencies strongly favour the use of radio campaigns for better health, in the past these campaigns and advert isments were very dull however in recent years there has been a growth in the imaginative and entertaining use of the radio to encourage the development of these areas. The fourth and fifth categories each emerged as the result of ethnic or other struggles. Factional radio stations were used to promote a specific section in a struggle. This category was also referred to as the hate radio station. The fifth category, humanitarian radio stations, was a standing power to factional radio. Radio power in Africa led numerous aid agencies, including the United Nations, in support of the establishment of humanitarian radio stations that encourage peace, harmony and democracy. (Myers, 2008) In the 21st century there have been many technological advances that have boosted broadcasting to new invisions of direct satellite broadcasting. Digital shortwave is the future of radio tansmissions and if Africa can employ this new technology it will revolutionize radio broadcasting over the whole African continent. References MCgregor, S. (2006). Reserach Summary Report Africa Media Development Initiative. Rhodes University. London: BBC World Service Trust. Retrieved from http://africanmediainitiative.org/content/2013/07/22/AMDI-BBC-summary-report.pdf Myers, M. (2008). Radio and Development in Africa Concept Paper. Canada: International Development Research Centre of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.amarc.org/documents/manuals/12481943581Radio_and_Development_in_Africa,_a_concept_paper.pdf Mytton, G. (n.d.). A Brief History of Radio Broadcasting in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.transculturalwriting.com/radiophonics/contents/usr/downloads/radiophonics/A_Brief_History.pdf

Factors that Lead to Teen Pregnancy Essay -- Teen Pregnant Pregnancy E

Factors that Lead to Teen Pregnancy Although the overall rate of teen pregnancy has been declining, the rates have remained high for teens that are most vulnerable. The great majority of Americans believe that teen pregnancies are a serious national problem, indeed a problem that is the major component of what is thought to be national moral decline. However, what causes these teens to become pregnant at such a young age? A large body of research has identified a number of factores that underlie teen sexual and contraceptive behavior, pregnancy, and childbearing. There exists a three part framework of the factors underlying teen pregnancy. There are biological antecedents, including gender, age, testosterone level, and timing of puberty. These factors are causally related to adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior and pregnancy. A second group of antecedents can be viewed as â€Å"manifestations of social disorganization or advantage† (Kirby, 1997). These include factors in the community and the family such as violent crime, poverty, unemployment, family marital disruption, parents’ lack of education, poor child rearing practice, lack of parental support, and inappropriate sexual pressure or abuse. The second group also includes factors in the individual teen such as lack of religious affiliation, drug and alcohol use, engaging in risk behaviors and deviance, delinquency, poor educational performance, and low expectations for the future. A third group of antecedents are attitudes and beliefs about sexual behavior and pregnancy. These include beliefs, personal values, and perceived norms. Among the many factors which may lead to teen pregnancy, the four that are most predictive of early pregnancy are poverty, early behavioral problems, family problems, and a low self esteem. There are several theories about the reasons why so many young women in poverty become pregnant and carry to full term. Faced with an unintended pregnancy, many teens living in poverty are likely to view early childbearing as a positive, desirable choice. These teens feel that becoming pregnant may in fact improve their lives. Economics may also be responsible for the lower percentage of poor teens who terminate their pregnancies, since Medicaid policies in most states do not pay for abortions, but do pay for services related to childbirth. In addition, some re... ...hildren who are less likely to have early intercourse." Early childhood experiences can make all the difference. Higher levels of parent to teen communication have been related to less permissive sexual attitudes, whereas poor communication with parents and lack of parental support has been linked to earlier initiation of sexual activity. Both high levels of parental supervision and close relationships between adolescents and their parents were related to later timing of teen sexual activity. In addition, parental marital disruption and living with a single parent is associated with the early onset of sexual behavior. This finding probably reflects such factors as lower family incomes, less partental supervision, and parental modeling. The large, complicated, and interrelated accumulation of factors suggest that the course that leads to adolescent sexual activity and pregnancy is complex. Kirby states that â€Å"not merely one or two, but a multitude of antecedents are related to one or more sexual behaviors and pregnancy, including characteristics of the teens themselves, their peers and sexual partners, their families and their communities and states† (Kirby, 1997).